Naval Architecture

The present guide has been specifically designed and released to assist marine surveyors and ship masters tin ensuring that they perform the draught surveys in the maximum correct and accurate manner. We know that the accurate measurement of the dry bulk cargo can considerably minimize the risk of potential shortage claims and associated disputes.

The authors of this publication have outlined the established and proven methods and corrections for the draught surveys to be conducted to the required level of accuracy. The content of the guide provides them with the formulas and recommended procedures for nearly every situation that can be encountered in the course of the draught survey. The authors have also included the UN ECE forms for the draught surveys for reference. The guide starts with short introduction and description of the practical procedure of the draught survey. Apart from that, the main content of the guide has three parts covering the information required for the surveys, assessment of the underwater volume of the ship, and deductibles.

A glossary is there at the end of the guide containing and explaining all terminology. Five appendices provide some valuable additional information, such as the equipment, information and corrections check lists, metric/imperial conversions and check list of reservations.

The content of the present excellent book is mainly based on the reviewed and updated information of this edition. The volume has been prepared by the award-winning author of many other naval architecture books and former VP of RINA. The book will be ideal for the people making their first steps in the subject an also for those willing to refresh their technical knowledge.

The title will provide all of them with a remarkably broad appreciation of naval architecture explaining the theory in physical terms without submerging the readers too deep into the mathematics. The author have covered all basic principles of naval architecture and has also addressed the contemporary fields, such as the design and manufacture using the computer aid, i.e. CAD/CAM. This latest release of the book is reflecting literally all ongoing technical developments and also addresses the international regulations. The content of the book is very easy to follow and this approach has already made this book very popular among the newcomers.

Of course, a proper knowledge and understanding of the basics of naval architecture is critically important not only for them but also to all other people who are working in the marine industry, such as the marine engineers, ship surveyors and crew members, as they all have to possess at least some general knowledge of the subject.

Some ten years back the world economic crisis has resulted in a significant reduction in the number of transported containers because of the decreased overall amount of transported cargo. As a result of this, so many container carriers have been laid up or had to operate with a relatively small amount of cargo. In such loading condition a stability of the container ships is very high.

In a majority of the cases the VCG, i.e. vertical centre of gravity of the ships is located below the coordinate of the lightship condition, and this happens because of the huge amounts of ballast water in the tanks located in the double bottom and wings plus very small amounts of cargo situated at the bottoms of the cargo holds. We required large amounts of ballast water to get the ship's hull and propulsion arrangements immersed and also to limit the longitudinal bending moment within the structure of the hull. In the classic loading condition higher amounts of cargo require less amounts of ballast and in these cases the stability is less.

Under the circumstances described within the present publication, some accidents have occurred to container ships in the recent past. Subject accidents caused damage to the vessels and heavily injured (and even killed) several crew members who were thrown through the ship's bridge because of the very high transverse accelerations due to the heavy rolling...

During two decades that have passed since the original publication of this book, there have been several significant technical advances in the field of design and construction of vessels and other marine floating structures. For example, nowadays, computers are among the critically important instruments in any engineering environment, including marine engineering and ship hull construction and computers have already replaced the ubiquitous slide rules of the shipbuilding engineers of earlier generations.

Note that the advances concepts and computational methods are still under development and some of them are introduced as a part of common naval engineering practice of today. These advanced practices include the FEM, standing for the finite element analysis, CFD, i.e. computational fluid dynamics, numerical modeling of the ship hull form and associated coefficients, random methods of processing, and some of them have already been incorporated into the newly established design and manufacturing systems.

The book covers all important aspects of the intact ship stability starting from its elementary principles, determination of the weights of the vessels and their centers of gravity, stability curves and metacentric height, effects that the free liquid surfaces and changes in weights have on stability, inclining test, stability of the grounded vessel, submerged equilibrium etc.

The global warming and exploration of the hydrocarbons that is carried out in the Arctic region results in the constantly increasing maritime activity in iced waters. Nowadays, it is possible to predict if a ship will be capable of surviving an encounter with the ice of a particular given thickness; however such knowledge will not be enough to accurately predict the associated increase of the fuel costs.

In the present thesis the investigation of the validity of the analytical formulations for the ice resistance in the above mentioned geographical region has been performed. Subject formulations have been based on the trials in the Swedish-Finnish waters having lower salinity and relatively warm climate in comparison to the ones of the Arctic waters. This has been conducted by comparing the ship resistance that is estimated on the basis of the information obtained from the onboard measurements of the ship's speed and thickness of the ice as well as the engine power with the estimates received from the analytical formulations.

The topic addressed in this book is very challenging and rewarding. The thesis starts with the introduction followed by the description of the characteristics of the sea ice, models used for the calculation of the ice induced hull resistance, open-water resistance, analysis of the relevant statistical data, and many other important aspects.

The kite propulsion has already emerged as one of the promising and attractive ways of harnessing the power of the wind to yield the financial and also environmental benefits. In order to better facilitate both design and optimization of the propulsion systems of this type, people have to possess a thorough understanding of the dynamics affecting the kite motion and all resulting forces.

The present thesis contains the results obtained from two line tension models and those results have been compared with the time histories for the flights collected during the experiments. Some new methodologies for the investigation of kite performance have been established. The first model is the "zero mass model" assuming that both kite and lines have no weight, while the second model - "lumped mass model" considers the mass of the kite and therefore makes use of the motion equation.

It has been determined that both models converge to same results in the limit where the mass of the kite is tending to zero. The publication covers such important topics related to the kite propulsion as experimental methods to record the trajectories of the flights, comparison of the models mentioned above, determination of the kite forces using 3D flight trajectories, fuel saving issues etc.

In previous research works an intact stability criterion has been developing aiming at determination of the sufficient intact stability of a vessel in a heavy weather condition. The aim of that criterion was the establishing of the minimum stability level that would ensure that the risk of capsizing that remains is as low as it is reasonably practical. Subject criterion results in the calculation of the index value.

To make this criterion applicable from the practice point of view we will need to define the threshold values for this index in order to distinguish between unsafe and safe vessels/conditions and establishing the minimum safety level in heavy weather. To set the threshold value for ISEI, standing for the insufficient stability event index), the authors of this volume have conducted the investigation of several events of the full-scale capsizing together with the numerical computational methods and procedures.

Subject procedures and methods are mainly based on the computation of non-linear rolling motions of the vessel. Such methods/procedures have been under development in the course of the last decades with the intention of their authors to conduct the analysis of the full scope events of capsizing for authorities of Germany. The associated computations could be used to determine the required threshold values for the dynamic intact stability criterion...

The whole process of design and further operation of the commercial vessels have been subjected to the significant changes during past decades. All of those changes together with the serious impact they have on the intact stability performance of vessels, have motivated the specialists of the IMO to develop the second generation criteria of intact stability. Among the most important modes of stability failure, considered primary, we would note the pure loss of ship stability, broaching-to and parametric roll resistance.

The stability criteria addressed in this publication have been designed in a multi-layered structure, with the first two layers consisting of level 1/2 vulnerability criteria mainly used for the preliminary checks of the risk of dynamic stability failure during the design stage. The present document describes the valuable contribution of the US specialists to the development of those criteria including all stability failure modes. Sufficient level of the intact stability of the vessel is the most basic and important requirement.

The working group dealing with the development of the second generation criteria for the intact stability of ships, has outlines three major modes of stability failures. One of the modes is the stability of the vessel under dead-ship conditions, as defined bi the corresponding SOLAS regulation contained in II-1/3-8. The other two modes cover the restoring arm variation and maneuvering related problems...