Marine Science & Oceanography

Suppose for a minute, what if you have been assigned the task to perform the mapping of the general circulation in some completely unfamiliar ocean. The ocean is sub-divided into several basins as well as marginal seas which, in turn, are connected with each others by means of the sea straits. Taking into consideration the possible budget limits for this task, you would most probably choose the sea straits as the starting points for the observation.

To start with, the ocean currents that flow between the basins, over the wide paths that can also be time-varying, are commonly confined to the relatively stable and narrow routes within those straits. Such confinement could result in the profound dynamical consequences, one of them being the choking/hydraulic control; subject process is quite similar to a process by which a dams are regulating the flows from the reservoirs.

Geometry of the funneling may lead to the significantly increased velocities and enhanced tidal modulation, which would in turn lead to the local instabilities, internal bores, plus jumps and mixing, and other events. Shortly, the straits shall be treated as the choke points being dynamically and observationally strategic and containing a broad range of physical processes, all of them being addressed within this book.

This publication has been worked out mostly by the invited speakers and lecturers of the Copenhagen workshop. The content of this volume is mainly focusing on the topics covered in the course of that workshop, summarizing the presentations, discussions that took place at that time, conclusions and also providing valuable technical recommendations.

In fact, this volume is one of the first successful attempts to provide interested readers with a general look on the integrated modeling approach. The publication is expected to be useful to the people with the serious interest in the modeling of the air pollution and meteorology; however, it will also present some practical interest to the persons involved in the meteorology science in any way, for example the students, practicing professionals, scientists and researchers.

The whole content of this document consists of the introduction depicting the methodology of integration, overview of the models and feedback mechanisms, and four big parts. The first part addresses the on-line modeling and feedbacks, while the second part deals with the off-line modeling and interfaces. The third part of the volume is dedicated to the validation and also several real-life case studies. Finally, the fourth and last art of the work is covering the strategy for the ACT-NWP integrated modeling.

People have always been seriously fascinated by the marine life, starting from the smallest diatoms and up to the huge marine mammals inhabiting our planet, such as blue whales. It should be noted, however, that the process of studying of marine life is quite a difficult task taking into account the fact that the ocean environment is vast and also opaque to most of the instruments and it can also be considered a hostile environment in which the experiments and researches may be conducted.

The use of the acoustics is a good practical way of the effective study of marine animal life. The advantage is that the acoustic energy propagates through the water much more efficiently than most of the other forms of energy and that is why it can easily be utilized by marine animals for various purposes and also by the scientists dealing with the study of their natural history and behavior.

Understanding the behavior of marine animals has always involved zoologists and psychologists and the science of marine bioacoustics continues to be considered a diverse discipline which involves investigators from different backgrounds and with different skills and knowledge. The interdisciplinary nature of this science presents a serious challenge in preparing a single volume meaningful enough to the students and professionals with the interest in this field.

The world ocean covers more than seventy percent of the Earth's surface, so-called "the blue planet". More than ninety percent of the living space of the Earth is accumulated in the ocean waters and until half-billion years back, literally all forms of life existed there. The global health of our planet together with all its inhabitants seriously depends on the water cycling and nutrients and minerals carried by the water.

The oceans of the world have always influenced the weather and climate patterns. The relationship between the sea and the human began in ancient times when lack of technology significantly limited people's ability to explore the ocean waters. There are many economically valuable resources that are acquired from the seas, and the scientists in the field of marine science and oceanography have also revealed the insight into the very origin of life to study the reproduction and development of the organisms and various geological processes.

The term "marine biology" covers numerous sciences all relating to the sea, for example marine biology and oceanography, marine chemistry and others. The present title tells the readers about the prominent people who made the marine science, from Sir C. Wyville Thomson to Robert D. Ballard. In addition to the chapters dedicated to these people, there is also a glossary of terms.

This book written by famous scientist and professional astronomer J. B. Zirker is dedicated to the ocean waves, including tsunamis, stormy ocean waves and ripples, and the book is aimed at any interested persons including surfers and ocean scientists. The book is very hard to put down. It presents a very fascinating reading for them and is considered a great one for the oceanography classes, especially at undergraduate level.

The author has provided an up-to-date and quite comprehensive account of the matters whose complexity is commonly very hardly appreciated by non-professionals in the field and non-scientists. The deep insights, comprehensive narratives and historic perspectives included to the publication do not contain any single equation and presence of graphics has been kept to a minimum, making the volume very reader-friendly and being the reason why the title has been recognized as a very remarkable achievement.

We would say that this book may already be used as a standard textbook for the ocean as well as weather forecasters, scientists, plus climate modelers and students. The author has applied a very fresh look to the ocean waves and also provided the theory with numerous illustrations to make the content more accessible for everyone.

Subject work has been released to address all existing contemporary problems of the White Sea together with its basin, and the main focus has been made on the interaction between the marine and social-economic environments. Different technologies are commonly applied to the investigation of the global and regional changes, remote sensing plus various field observations, and methods of numerical modelling plus GIS, standing for the "Geographic Information Systems".

The present volume presents a first attempt of application of the multi-disciplinary quantitative approach to the assessment of various changes that are occurring today as well as of the anticipated changes. The results of numerous relevant researches have been included in this volume. When trying to achieve all goals declared by the authors of this volume, the decision was made to co-author it by a huge team of recognized industry experts.

The main content of this book has been arranged in ten major thematic chapters addressing the geography of the area in question, its watershed hydrology, anthropogenic impact, climate and oceanographic regime, profile of the aquatic eco-system, satellite oceanography, economical issues, GIS, water quality assessment, and numerical simulations.

This excellent title has been released to present a good overview of the knowledge relating specifically to the Red Sea, and covering everything from the geological formation of this sea and oceanographic development, straight to the influences on the environment and ecology. The team of authors of the volume have gathered the valuable contributions from the world popular and respected researchers interested in the geophysics, oceanography, geology and environment of the region; in the meantime the publication provides readers with the comprehensive and thoroughly updated data.

The book will be very interesting to all researchers involved in the study of the Red Sea together with its surroundings, and to the professionals dealing with managing and planning of the sea, its resources and environment. The Red Sea is considered a truly unique area. The book starts with the introductory chapter providing some general information on the Red Sea, its structure, origin and environment. Then some historical background is given, depicting the geological evolution of the region. Numerous chapters of this book address lineaments in gravity data, seismicity, seismo-tectonic setting, salt flows and volcanic eruptions, sea-level changes, hydrothermal activity, heat balance, impacts of climate change, corals, and so many other valuable information.

The water-waves theory is considered a fascinating and interesting topic, including a really broad range of various natural phenomena, and covering the most important general aspects of the motion of waves, including the waves' behavior prediction in the presence of various obstacles.

However, even the simple problems sometimes appear to be quite difficult to be tacked mathematically unless you make some simplified assumption. The present interesting title has been mainly dedicated to the advanced mathematical work directly relating to the scattering of the water waves.

The main emphasis as been laid by the author on the computational and mathematical techniques that are commonly necessary in order to perform the mathematical study of these problems. The main content of this title is made up of nine chapters with the first chapter being pure introductory while the second one addresses the wave scattering that involves the rigid plates.

The following two parts cover the scattering by a rectangular trench utilizing the Galerkin technique, and scattering by a dock utilizing the Carleman equation. The fifth chapter touches several problems including the upper surface discontinuities. Remaining chapters of the work deal with the energy identities, scattering of the two-layer fluids and various wave scattering problems...